Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology 24 : — Effects of dual stress high salt and high temperature on the photochemical efficiency of wheat leaves Triticum aestivum. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants 19 : — Determination of starch and amylose in vegetables. Analytical Chemistry 22 : — Acclimation of tobacco leaves to high light intensity drives the plastoquinone oxidation system—relationship among the fraction of open PSII centers, non-photochemical quenching of chl fluorescence and the maximum quantum yield of PSII in the dark.
Morrow RC. LED lighting in horticulture. Hortscience 43 : — Non-photochemical quenching. A response to excess light energy. Plant Physiology : — Nakano Y , Asada K. Hydrogen peroxide is scavenged by ascorbate-specific peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts. Plant and Cell Physiology 22 : — Fast chlorophyll fluorescence transients as selection tools for submergence tolerance in rice Oryza sativa.
Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 78 : Estimation of hydrogen peroxide in plant extracts using titanium IV. Analytical Biochemistry : — Anthocyanin production using rough bluegrass treated with high-intensity light. Hortscience 51 : — Production of reactive oxygen species by photosystem II as a response to light and temperature stress.
Frontiers in Plant Science 7. Effect of spectral quality of monochromatic LED lights on the growth of artichoke seedlings. Is the OJIP test a reliable indicator of winter hardiness and freezing tolerance of common wheat and triticale under variable winter environments? PLoS One 10 : e Roach T , Krieger-Liszkay A. Regulation of photosynthetic electron transport and photoinhibition.
Light quality affects photosynthesis and leaf anatomy of birch plantlets in vitro. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 41 : — Sarkar R , Ray A. Submergence-tolerant rice withstands complete submergence even in saline water: probing through chlorophyll a fluorescence induction OJIP transients.
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USA : Sinauer Associates. Light-emitting diodes as a light source for photosynthesis research. Photosynthesis Research 39 : 85 — Tinoco-Ojanguren C , Pearcy R. A comparison of light quality and quantity effects on the growth and steady-state and dynamic photosynthetic characteristics of three tropical tree species.
Functional Ecology 9 : — Water relations of cut flowers: an update. Horticultural Reviews 40 : 55 — Vass I. Molecular mechanisms of photodamage in the photosystem II complex. Importance of fluctuations in light on plant photosynthetic acclimation. Signal transduction during oxidative stress. Journal of Experimental Botany 53 : — Wagner GJ. Plant Physiology 64 : 88 — Annual plant reviews, light and plant development. Non-photochemical quenching plays a key role in light acclimation of rice plants differing in leaf color.
Photosynthetic responses of sun- and shade-grown barley leaves to high light: is the lower PSII connectivity in shade leaves associated with protection against excess of light? Photosynthesis Research : — Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide.
Sign In or Create an Account. Sign In. Advanced Search. Search Menu. Article Navigation. Close mobile search navigation Article Navigation. Volume Article Contents Abstract. Materials and Methods. Sources of Funding. Contributions by the Authors. Conflict of Interest. Supporting Information. Literature Cited. Effects of growth under different light spectra on the subsequent high light tolerance in rose plants. Leyla Bayat , Leyla Bayat.
Oxford Academic. Mostafa Arab. Sasan Aliniaeifard. Mehdi Seif. Oksana Lastochkina. Blue light, for example, helps encourage vegetative leaf growth. Red light, when combined with blue, allows plants to flower. Cool fluorescent light is great for cultivating plant growth indoors.
Knowing that different colors of light can affect what a plant does is important in a world that depends on plants for food. Advanced LED technology is now making it possible to control the kinds of colored light we provide plants in controlled environments.
We can now design lighting to encourage flowering or to produce higher fruit yields for example. Many plant functions can be enhanced and promoted just by knowing what light colors they react and respond to.
These properties include but are not limited to, height, weight, color, and texture, as well as the chemical composure of the plant itself. As a plant grows, you can use LED grow lights to manipulate these physical properties depending on the plant characteristics that you desire.
Grobo uses high-quality LED lights that change color depending on the stage of growth your plant is in.. In the following paragraphs, we will explain what each light color does, and the effects that adding or removing them will have. But first, here is a quick summary, with extended information following:. Ultraviolet - No exposure produces better growth. Violet - Enhances the color, taste, and aroma of plants. Blue - Increases the growth rate of plants. Green - Enhances chlorophyll production and is used as a pigment for proper plant viewing.
Yellow - Plants exhibit less growth compared to blue and red light. Red - When combined with blue light it yields more leaves and crops, depending on what is being grown. Far Red - Speeds up the Phytochrome conversion which reduces the time a plant takes to go into a night-time state. This allows the plant to produce a greater yield. The reason why items are the color that they are is because some objects will absorb the wavelengths, and others will be reflected. For example, a leaf is green because it absorbs all visible light wavelengths except for green- green is reflected.
Black and white are not considered colors because black absorbs all visible light wavelengths, while white reflects them all. This is why black objects get hot in the sun faster than white items. Fun Fact : Rainbows occur when white light is dispersed through water vapor.
Ultraviolet is not part of the visible light spectrum, we humans cannot see it. Some animals can however. Being exposed to UV light for a long period of time has harmful effects on humans. When exposed to it, your skin reacts by developing a tan. Likewise, exposure for a long time to this type of light will damage the plants that you are growing.
A study conducted demonstrated that plants raised without exposure to UV light exhibited enhanced growth. If growing outdoors, it is impossible to protect your plants from all UV light. Crazy enough, there are different types of UV light. UV-A is a type of UV light especially harmful to cannabis plants, and they have adapted to defend themselves against this wavelength in the form of enzymes, chemicals, and antioxidants.
In high concentrations, the plant cannot defend itself and will experience damage. UV-B is another type of ultraviolet light, and it is actually beneficial in small amounts. In larger quantities, it can cause damage.
Lettuce leaves were exposed to nm , red nm and blue nm LEDs of different light intensities. Thylakoid multiprotein complex proteins and photosynthetic metabolism were then investigated. Biomass and photosynthetic parameters increased with an increasing light intensity under blue LED illumination and decreased when illuminated with red and green LEDs with decreased light intensity.
The responses of chloroplast sub-compartment proteins, including those active in stomatal opening and closing, and leaf physiological responses at different light intensities, indicated induced growth enhancement upon illumination with blue LEDs. High intensity blue LEDs promote plant growth by controlling the integrity of chloroplast proteins that optimize photosynthetic performance in the natural environment.
Plants use light as an energy source for photosynthesis and as an environmental signal, and respond to its intensity, wavelength, and direction. Light is perceived by plant photoreceptors that include phytochromes, cryptochromes and phototropins and plants generate a wide range of specific physiological responses through these receptors.
A major challenge to plants is controlled by supplying sufficient quantity and quality of light intensities [ 1 , 2 ]. Light emitting diodes LEDs has been proposed as a light source for controlled environment agriculture facilities and space based plant growth chambers because they exhibit desirable characteristics such as small mass, safety and durability [ 3 — 5 ]. Plant development and physiology are strongly influenced by the light spectrum of the growth environment among which blue light is involved in a wide range of plant processes such as phototropism, photo-morphogenesis, stomatal opening, and leaf photosynthetic functioning [ 6 ].
Most studies assessing the effects of blue light blue LEDs on the leaf or whole plant have either compared the response to a broadband light source with response to blue deficient light [ 7 ] or compared plants grown under red light alone [ 5 , 8 ].
On the other hand, red LEDs emit a narrow spectrum of light nm that is close to the maximum absorbance for both chlorophyll and phytochromes. Although red light components have a great potential for use as a light source to drive photosynthesis, plants are adapted to utilize a wide-spectrum of light to control photosynthesis [ 9 ].
The green LEDs have reduced photosynthesis [ 10 ]. Several reports have assessed the efficiency and deficiency of green light on growth and development of plants. Frechilla et al. In contrast, green light has been reported to be negative on physiological and developmental incomes [ 14 ]. However, little is known on the integrity of combined effect of green, red and blue LEDs, with no experimental evidence available concerning the expression of multiprotein complexes for promotion of induction of photosynthesis.
Presently, we grew lettuce plants Lactuca sativa L. Photosynthetic-mediated proteins in sub-compartments of chloroplasts including stomatal opening and closing and photosynthetic activity responded most to blue LEDs of high light intensity. The biomass was observed to be low in plants grown under red and lowest under green LEDs with a decrease in light intensity Figure 1A—D. However, the plants grown under red LEDs showed lower rates of photosynthesis with a decrease in light intensity. The lowest rate of photosynthesis was observed for the plants grown under green LEDs with a decrease in light intensity.
However, although the plants grown under green and red LEDs at different light intensities showed well organized guard cells, the stomata was observed to be closed and a reduction in the number of stomata was also observed. First dimensional electrophoresis run under native conditions on BN-PAGE were used to separate intact multiprotein complexes from thylakoids isolated from mature leaves as affected by different light intensities and different LEDs Figure 4.
In contrast, the intensity of this band was highest in plants grown under blue LEDs than red and green LEDs at different light intensities. Analogously strong variation was observed at kDa band 4 , which contained LHCII light harvesting complex assembly trimer. This band was expressed in almost all conditions.
The structure and physiology of plants are particularly regulated by light signals from the environment [ 4 , 20 ], as the primary response of plants during photosynthesis completely depends on light conditions. Plant growth and productivity depends on the light conditions [ 21 ] and photosynthetic metabolism is detrimentally affected by light intensity. Plants have developed a sophisticated mechanism to adapt their structure and physiology to the light environment.
These results give a clear indication that blue LEDs in combination with high light intensities are more efficient for biomass production in plants. Red and blue light is important for expansion of the leaf and enhancement of biomass [ 22 — 24 ].
Yorio et al. However, the shoot dry matter weight of leaf lettuce plants irradiated with blue light decreased compared with that of white light [ 25 ]. In the present experiments, blue LEDs in combination with high light intensity was important for growth elongation and biomass accumulation compared to plants grown under low light intensities.
Physiological studies of photosynthesis conducted for many years have considered various light conditions. A combination of red and blue LEDs is an effective source for photosynthesis [ 16 ] using different light intensities and wave lengths.
Presently, lettuce plants depended on high light intensity Figure 2 and LEDs for higher rate of photosynthesis. A lower photosynthetic rate in plants grown under red LEDs has been observed in several crops including rice [ 8 ] and in wheat [ 3 ].
The reduced rate of photosynthesis under low light intensity and red LEDs suggests that vulnerability to a decreased the photosynthetic rate might be associated with changes in multiprotein complexes PSI and PSII.
The lower rate of photosynthesis in red LEDs can also be attributed to low nitrogen content in leaves, due to low chlorophyll and carotenoid content, which was also observed in the present study data not shown [ 26 ]. The stomata are important channels for the exchange of water and gases with external environmental conditions. Light influences stomata conductivity and proton motive forces [ 27 ]. The development of stomata has been related to light intensity [ 28 ].
Our results agree with these previous findings and additionally show that blue LEDs are more efficient in stomatal structure and opening and closing of stomata Figure 3. The closure and reduced number of stomata might be due to defoliation of leaves under low light intensity during growth of lettuce. Indeed, high temperatures under different light intensity conditions might induce palisade and increased sponge parenchyma cell length and thickness [ 29 ].
The closure of stomata with reduced normalized expression and number might be also the reason for reduction of transpiration rate and stomatal conductance in lettuce which were grown under green LEDs more so than those grown under blue LEDs.
The thylakoid membranes are the sub-compartments in which the primary reactions of photosynthesis occur.
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